晋太宗宣武帝实录23 (第1/2页)

    陈牧：寡人闻，吾华夏有四海九州，何也？先生教我。

    萧凡：臣以为，八荒之内有四海，四海之内有九州。天子处中州而制八方耳。两河间曰冀州，河南曰豫州，河西曰雍州，汉南曰荆州，江南曰扬州，济河间曰兖州，济东曰徐州，燕曰幽州，齐曰青州。山川汙泽，陵陆邱阜，五土之宜，圣王就其势，因其便，不失其性。历代王者，京师四通而致之。

    陈牧：先生之言是也，寡人受教矣。

    chenmu：IheardthattherearefourseasandninestatesinChina，Sirtaughtmewhichones？

    xiaofan：Ithink，Therearefourseasbetweenheavenandearth，Thereareninestatesbetweenthefourseas，Theemperorruledovertheothereightstatesinthecenter，ThereisJizhoubetweenthetworivers，YuzhouissouthoftheGreatRiver，ThereisYongzhouwestoftheGreatRiver，SouthoftheHanRiverisJingzhou，ThereisYangzhoueastoftheHanRiver，BetweenthetworiversisYanzhou，XuzhouiseastoftheJiRiver，TheStateofYanwastheformerStateofYan，TheStateofQiwastheformerQingzhou，Mountains，rivers，seas，land，hills，theirterrainisdifferent，TheHolyKingdividedtheworldintoninestatesaccordingtotheirdifferences，Successivekingshavelinkedthecentralgovernmentwiththeothereightstates。

    chenmu:Sirisright，Iacceptyourteachings。

    陈牧：何为良将之姿？寡人愿闻先生之见。

    萧凡：臣以为，责之而不骄，委之而不专，扶之而不隐，免之而不惧，此乃良将之姿也，良将之为政也，使人择之，不自举；使法量功，不自度，以是能功成而动宇内也。

    陈牧：先生之言是也，寡人受教矣。

    chenmu：Iwonderwhatthecriteriaforagoodgeneralare？Sirtaughtme。

    xiaofan：Ithink，Thechiefentrustedhimwiththetask，buthewasnotproudandarbitrary，Supporthimbuthedoesn‘thide，Removehimbutheisnotafraid，Thisisthequalificationofagoodgeneral，Agoodgeneralhandlespoliticalaffairs，andhedoesnotelecthimselfbutletsothers，Rewardaccordingtotherulesratherthanhisownwill，Becauseofthis，theycanbuildmeritoriousdeedsandbecomefamousintheworld。

    chenmu:Sirisright，Iacceptyourteachings。

    陈牧：寡人欲大赦天下，以恩泽百姓，可乎？先生以为如何？

    萧凡：臣以为，治世以大德，不以小惠，故匡衡、吴汉不愿为赦。刘玄德亦言，其周旋陈元方、郑康成间，每见启告，治乱之道悉矣，曾不语赦也。若梁武帝、唐玄宗，岁岁赦宥，jianian人欣欣，善人喑哑，何益於治也！

    陈牧：先生之言是也，寡人知过矣。

    chenmu：IwanttoforgivesinnersintheworldtoshowpeopleMykindness，Sirwhatdoyouthink？

    xiaofan：Ithink，Youshouldgovernyourcountrywithgreatvirtueratherthansmallfavors，Therefore，KuangHengandWuHandidnotsupportarbitrarypardons，Previously，LiuBei‘steacherstaughthimtogovernthecountrywithoutarbitrarypardons，EmperorWuofLiangandEmperorXuanzongofTangoftenpardonedcriminals，Thismakesthevillainveryhappyandthegentlemanveryhurt，Howcansuchamethodgovernthecountrywell？

    chenmu:Sirisright，Iwaswrong。

    陈牧：何以知人之性，先生教我。

    萧凡：臣以为，人之性莫难察焉。美恶既殊，情貌不一，有温良而为诈者，有外恭而内欺者，有外勇而内怯者，有尽力而不忠者。然知人之道有七焉：一曰，间之以是非而观其志；二曰，穷之以辞辩而观其变；三曰，咨之以计谋而观其识；四曰，告之以祸难而观其勇；五曰，醉之以酒而观其性；六曰，临之以利而观其廉；七曰，期之以事而观其信。以此差可知之。

    陈牧：先生之言是也，寡人谨受教。

    chenmu：Howtounderstandhumannature？Sirtaughtme。

    xiaofan：Ithink，Humannatureishardtoguess，Everyoneisdifferent，Somepeopleseemdocileandkind，buttheyaretreacherous，Somepeoplelookbravebutareactuallyverycowardly，Somepeopleareverycapableofworkingbutdisloyal，Buttherearesevencriteriaforknowingaperson，first，Lethimhandletheaffairstoobservehisamb